Two decades later, in the early 1980s, the United States gave a "state-of-the-art" latest General Dynamics-manufactured multi-role F-16 fighter to Pakistan despite Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhis objections. Else, Lockheed Martin may lose credibility and its customer base in an era of sluggish market demand and fierce competition amongst multiple manufacturers chasing a shrinking consumer base.India faced several crises since 1947 but the striking feature of these is that New Delhi weathered all of them without ever using American fighters till date. As one had neither heard, nor seen any reference to this "state-of-the-art" fighter ever before — one thought that the very name F-21 may be an extremely lethal aerial platform — implying it as "the fighter of the 21st century".Though times have changed, there does not seem to be any sign of an imminent entry of US fighters into an Indian Air Force squadron service. "Tailor-made", primarily, for exclusive Indian Air Force requirements and secondarily, to be exported by India, as Lockheed Martin has in mind shifting its entire production line and technological knowhow to India as a joint venture with a local company. Do not buy Iranian oil. Thus, eight years have passed for the F-16 without any sale/order. Not surprisingly, the US supplied the best of its fighters to Pakistan and snubbed India.

However, it all began earlier, when both US President Richard Nixon and his aide Henry Kissinger hated the Indian Prime Ministers guts which were amply demonstrated to the world in the December 1971 Bangladesh war. It’s got to be reborn. Hence, the puzzle: Where do we start from? From the F-16? But then, the F-21 is reportedly different from, and superior to, the F-16! Nevertheless, if the Indian Air Force is to choose the F-21 and nothing else, then the best option, at present, would be to scan through the specifications of the latest version of the F-16 — to at least have an idea. In what way will the F-21, not a single prototype of which has been produced yet, be the ideal choice for the Indian Air Force? Is the choice of a fighter aircraft the sovereign right and decision of the Indian Air Force and the Government of India, or a foreign contractors imposition?Is not the Indian Air Force the sole institution responsible for specifying its own requirements, stipulate as to how it would operate its fighters; against what sort of adversaries and in what operational environments?Not a single Air Force in the world is using the Lockheed Martin F-21 because it has not yet been produced.That all sounds like music to Indias ears, no doubt. And now suddenly the US wants the F-21, which is being touted as the successor of, and superior to, the F-16, China pharmacy cooler unit to be bought by India! How? Through US "foreign military sales" (FMS). These are: "type; programme; (past) users, if any; costs; design features; flying control; structure; landing gear; power plant; accommodation; systems; avionics; armament; dimensions (external); wings; areas; weights and loading; max take off weight; payload; performance; range; and radius of operation".In other words, the F-16’s days are over

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India is a soft state. Unlike China, top-down directives are unlikely to work. It’s attractively written with an easy, breezy style. The costs associated with cleaning up our coal, biomass and oil economies is miniscule when compared with the likely health impacts of further neglect. This "silent killer" is very much like inflation. But it would cut the peak loads which push air quality into the hazardous range during winter. Spread across the affected population of at least 400 million citizens it amounts to just `600 per head — less than the cost of a tandoori chicken meal for two in a Punjab roadside dhaba. The first three chapters like a novel with a bottom-up view of what air pollution means to the ordinary Indian and the havoc it can cause in everyday lives. This is a lucidly written account of why India is so polluted. The author purposefully dumbs down the narrative. The wonder is that this paltry sum is considered unaffordable as a public outlay. Just `240 billion could virtually end pollution on this account by subsidising the purchase of farm equipment in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh which can cut the stubble, plant the wheat crop and grind the paddy straw into the soil as desirable, protective mulch for the wheat seeds.Smog is a North Indian problem caused by the mighty Himalayas which block the dust and soot, carried by strong winds from as far away as West Asia, from transgressing into Tibet and thence China.

The short point is there is contradictory evidence about the load of pollutants imposed from different sources. But simultaneous action is key on all the four main sources — power generation from big coal plants and distributed diesel generators used by the rich and by industry to fill the gaps in electricity supply; private vehicles particularly diesel cars, trucks and buses; coal-fired industries and the burning of biomass.This would not however end air pollution in the Gangetic plain.Some of this pollution is due to the burning of rice stubble in November to clear the fields for the winter wheat crop.The book is an engaging, albeit rambling forest walk, with the author happily heading off into side trails, ranging from energy efficiency in the manufacturing sector to the economic history of agricultural production in North India; coal mining practices and the structure of the transportation market. Much of this is because there is an empowered institution — the Reserve Bank of India which has a performance metric, since 2015, to keep inflation low. It instantly sets the reader at ease that she is not about to be inundated with complicated scientific models and graphs about climate change. Air pollution, the author reminds us, affects the poor the most.Managing air and water pollution is an executive responsibility.

The Great Smog of India is in the genre of everything-the-intelligent-person should know about air pollution in India. Such readers are advised to proceed directly to the last chapter. To the impatient reader these come as distractions from the main story.Read this in conjunction with Chapter 2 which is intriguingly titled, "Love in the Time of Air Pollution". There are other point sources of emission like construction, industry and transport. This government has the satisfaction that inflation has reduced during its term and continues to be low. Similarly, nimble, public sector incubators and "green" equipment supply aggregators, like the Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) should be networked into a pan-India "green" manufacturing community, which leads the way to uncover the piles of "gold" hidden under the pervasive soot.The author points to the dire need for collective action by citizens to press government into doing more to avoid people from falling sick — often terminally with lung cancer; becoming prone to diabetes or deficient in Vitamin D because the healing rays of the sun are often shaded out by soot particles from burning biomass or poorly maintained coal-fired power plants — many of which are owned by the public sector. Clearly this is suboptimal. The way out is to make adequate capital allocations such that polluters — many of whom are public sector companies, like the oil companies, which have yet to roll out Bharat VI standard fuel — make the necessary capital investments and control end-of-pipe pollution emissions. The existing institutional architecture is weak and relies heavily on direct intervention by the Supreme Court to achieve this objective. But the title is just a hook to get the reader down to some serious reading about the sources of air pollution and the health impacts thereof. We learn for instance that a million people — around 10 per cent of total deaths — die every year prematurely due to air pollution.Dealing with pollution requires a similarly empowered institution whose performance is tied solely to controlling pollution. There is a great deal of overseas work on the source and health impacts of air pollution but relatively little about India.As elections near, all political parties race to appease poor Indians who are the largest voter group.Sanjeev Ahluwalia is adviser, Observer Research Foundation.The author is wise in limiting his objectives to build his narrative by aggregating existing literature.The political economy issue with enhancing the supply of quality public goods (like clean air) is that they are not as effective for getting votes as reducing the cost of private goods (food, fuel and fertiliser) for getting votes — the final metric in a democracy of how and where capital is allocated.Investment incentives for clean coal and efficient industrial equipment aligned with the excellent work already done by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, needs sustained support. He emphasises that the success and affordability of making better healthcare marine cooling equipment Manufacturers accessible to all — on which Prime Minister Narendra Modi has laid great stress — depends on ensuring that less people fall ill in the first place. This cloud of death hangs about the northern plains just below the Himalayan range

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The Indian Medical Association (IMA) has called for the cancellation of Airtel Delhi Half-Marathon, which is scheduled for November 19, owing to high levels of air pollution. In a statement issued on Friday, the IMA said that the marathon would affect the health of those participating in it.5 — tiny hazardous particles that are capable of entering our lung and blood tissues — in the air.. IMA will be writing to Delhi chief minister, Chief Justice Delhi high court and the chairperson, NGT in this regard", added the statement. Aggarwal, the national president of IMA.5 levels can increase BP, and can also increase the risk of acute cardiovascular disease such as heart attack, stroke.. "High PM 2."Delhi has been experiencing high air pollution levels these past days.In fact, many city doctors have warned Delhiites to avoid morning walks as pollution level is at an all-time high during the mornings due to huge concentration of particulate matter (PM) 2. Dr Aggarwal also pointed out that poor air quality can aggravate asthma and other respiratory and heart related diseases. This is also the time when the proposed ‘half-marathon’ is scheduled to start," said Dr K..The doctors further pointed out that poor air quality can aggravate asthma and other respiratory and heart related diseases.

The air quality is particularly poor early in the morning when pollution is extremely China packaged cooling unit high."If the AQI (air quality index) is above 100, it is prudent for race administrators to warn participants and volunteers, particularly those with lung conditions, about the potential risk," said the IMA in its statement. Hence, we demand that the event be cancelled immediately and postponed to a later date, when air pollution levels are better.On Friday, the air quality bulletin by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) showed the AQI at 324 and under the ‘very poor’ category.This marathon, scheduled for 7 am on November 19, is the 13th edition and race promoters have signed the 2017 World Champions, Geoffrey Kirui and Almaz Ayana, as star attractions."Air pollution not only affects the performance of the runners, it may have disastrous health consequences even for the healthy participants, including the volunteers involved in organising the event," he added. Notably, the air quality has been ranging in the "very poor’ levels since early October

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